HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND TYPES OF LIBRARIES
2. The Sumerians developed the method of producing clay tablet "books" and provided archives to store the tablets.
3. By 270 BC, the Sumerians had established not only government libraries, but also private and religious libraries.
4. The Sumerians archives developed into the first libraries.
5. The Egyptians were credited with having the greatest library in Alexandria, with its thousands of Papyrus. This library attracted keen scholars from all over the world.
6. King Ptolemy 1 established a museum, which was an academy of scholars under the royal patronage, with library being an integral part of the museum.
7. The Phoenicians, who were travelers also contributed to writing and the development of libraries.
8. By the 15th Century BC, the Greek culture had become a force to reckon with the use of Papyrus and Parchment as means of producing substantial literature.
9. Rome took over a lot of library collections as spoils of war.
10. It was Julius Caesar that first proposed public libraries for Rome.
11. Julius Caesar died before his plan was carried out but it was effected during the reign of Augustus.
12. Prominent citizens of Rome also built private libraries.
13. The period of the Middle Ages (medieval times) began when the West Roman Empire ended in 476A.D and lasted until the 14th Century.
14. There were basically three types of libraries in Europe during the medieval period and they are: Monastic Libraries, Cathedral Libraries and University Libraries.
15. In the early middle ages, Christian monasteries preserved libraries and learning in Europe.
16. In the monasteries’ writing rooms, monks copied the Christian and secular writings, preserving many ancient manuscripts.
17. Bibles were copied along with other religious works at the Scriptoria.
18. From 12th to 14th centuries, great cathedrals (churches) were built and with them came the establishment of educational institutions with libraries for the tutors and pupils.
19. During the 13th century, the modern university began to develop in Europe.
20. The evolution of libraries dated back to the ancient times when information was passed from one generation to another via songs, poems, chants, stories, recitations and rituals.
21. All these later transformed into the use of scrolls, papyri, clay tablets, cuneiform, ideographic and later paper as we have it today.
22. The renaissance period marked the re-awakening of knowledge and libraries became more important.
23. The invention of the printing press in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg led to the publication of books.
24. In the late 1920s, the Lagos Book Club was formed by a group of expatriate civil servants and a few Nigerians.
25. In 1929, Sir Allan Burns, the Chief Secretary of Nigeria observed that there was need for a library in the country.
26. The Carnegie Corporation of New York was persuaded by Sir Allans Burns to provide a grant of 1,650 pounds for library development in the country.
27. The Lagos Book Club metamorphosed into the Lagos Library and was opened to the public on the 29th September, 1932.
28. In December 1943, the British Council came to Nigeria and opened its library in Lagos that same year to serve as information centre during the World War II.
29. The University College, Ibadan which later became University of Ibadan was established along with its library in 1948.
30. It was the first university library in Nigeria and it performed some of the functions associated with National Libraries.
31. The Publications and Ordinance Act passed in 1950 made it compulsory for publishers to deposit two copies of every title published in the University College Library.
32. Thus, the library became a national depository for Nigerian publications.
33. The National Library Act of 1964 established the National Library of Nigeria.
34. The University College Library started the publication of Nigerian works, which later became the National Bibliography of Nigeria.
35. The promulgation of the National Library Decree of 1970 widened the scope of the library making it a national depository and publisher of national bibliography.
36. The following are the types of libraries; Academic/University Libraries, National Libraries, School Libraries, Special Libraries, Public Libraries and Private Libraries.
37. Academic libraries are libraries that are attached to higher institutions of learning such as universities, polytechnics, monotechnics and colleges of educations, etc.
38. The university library is administered by the University Librarian who is a principal officer of the university.
39. The library committee plays an advisory role in the administration of the University Librarian.
40. The university Library is made up of the following departments; Administration Department, Collection Development Department, Technical Services, Readers’ Services and Education Department.
41. The Administrative Department is centered around the office of the University Librarian. It is made up of Systems Planning Unit, Personnel/Finances Unit and Publications Unit.
42. Collection Development Department acquires books and non-books materials. It consists of Acquisition Unit, Gift and Exchange Unit, Serials Unit and Documents Unit.
43. Acquisition unit is responsible for the selection and ordering of relevant books and nonbook materials
44. Gifts and Exchanges Unit receives on behalf of the University Librarian books and nonbook materials from donors.
45. The Serials Unit is responsible for processing periodicals like journals, annuals and memoirs, newspapers and magazines.
46. The Serial Unit keeps in Kardex, records of all serials in the library.
47. The Documents Unit takes custody of vital publications either from government or organisations.
48. The Documents Unit also takes custody of university documents such as calendar, handbooks, proceeding, lectures, etc.
49. The Technical Service Department is made up of the following units; Cataloguing and Classification Unit, Bindery/Printery Unit and Audio-Visual Unit.
50. The Cataloguing & Classification Unit receives materials from the Collection Development Department, catalogue, classify and label them.
51. The Bindery/Printery Unit binds back sets (issues) of library journals, magazines and newspapers and repairs worn-out library books, print the institution’s official publications and documents.
52. Audio-visual Unit takes custody of audio-visual materials in the library.
53. The Readers’ Service Department is the public relations department of the library because it interacts daily with users.
54. The Readers’ Service Department is made up of Circulation Unit, Reserved Book Unit, Inter-Library Cooperation Unit, Reference Unit and Reprography Unit.
55. Circulation Unit is the public image of a library where users’ registration, loan and discharge of books take place.
56. Reserved Book Unit is where study/research materials that are in short supply but constant high demand are kept for in-house use.
57. Inter-Library Cooperation Unit liase with other libraries to acquire books on loan. 58. Reference Unit is responsible for keeping reference materials.
59. Reprography Unit renders cheap and clear photocopying service to readers.
60. The National Library of Nigeria was established in 1950.
61. Bibliotheque National (France) established by the French Kings in 1376 was opened to the public in 1962.
62. British Museum (English) is the National Library of England.
63. Library of Congress established in 1800 is the National Library of USA.
64. School Libraries are libraries whose collections are of specialized nature and tailored to suit certain group of users.
65. Teslim Olawale Elias (Law) Library, LASU is an example of special library.
66. The public library is not restricted to any group of users and are established and funded by governments.
67. Private Libraries are owned and financed by private individuals.
ORGANISATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF LIBRARY MATERIALS
69. Library Catalogue is therefore a record of materials held by the library ranging from print to non-print materials.
70. Library Catalogue enables a user to find a library materials e.g. books if he knows (i) The author’s name (ii) Title of the work and (iii) The subject.
71. Cataloguing systems include Dictionary Catalogue, Divided Catalogue and Classified Catalogue.
72. The types of catalogues are Book Catalogue, Card Catalogue and Computerised Catalogue.
73. Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is an example of computerized catalogue.
74. The Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme (DDC) was devised by Melvil Dewey in 1873 and published in 1876.
75. Classification Schemes are means of bringing materials on the same subject together for easy access and convenience of users.
76. The DDC recognizes the systematic arrangement of books on shelves and uses decimals as notation symbols.
77. Dewey divided all knowledge into ten broad subject areas assigning numbers to them as follows:
i. 000 - Generalities
ii. 100 - Philosophy and related disciplines
iii. 200 - Religion
iv. 300 - The Social Sciences
v. 400 - Language
vi. 500 - Pure Sciences
vii. 600 - Technology (Applied Sciences)
viii. 700 - Arts
ix. 800 - Literature and Religions
x. 900 - General Geography and History
78. DDC is used in academic, special and public libraries.
79. The Library of Congress Classification Scheme (LC) was first adopted in USA for the Library of Congress.
80. The Library of Congress was founded in 1800 to supply information to Congress, the law making body of USA.
81. The Library of Congress also became the USA National Library and legal deposit library for all items published in USA.
82. The OPAC can be in a Local Area Network (LAN) within a small geographical area of Wide Area Network (WAN) for wide geographical spread.
83. UDC means Universal Decimal Classification Scheme.
84. Most academic libraries in Nigeria use the LC Scheme.
85. The LC Scheme combines letter of the alphabet and Arabic numerals.
86. The LC Scheme started from a base of 26 letters but at present letters I,O,W,X and Y are not used but reserved for further expansion.
87. N.B: Consult the GNS Textbook for LC classification Schedules or see an attached copy.
88. In 1899, Dr, Herbert Putman became the Librarian of the Library of Congress and encouraged LC Scheme.
89. The Moys Classification Scheme is used for law collections.
90. The Class Number and the Author Number make the Call Number.
REFERENCE SOURCES IN THE LIBRARY
91. The reference service is divided into two major parts; (i) Current Awareness, otherwise known as Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) and (ii) Retrospective Search i.e. Information Retrieval. 92. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines a reference library as "a library in which books are for consultation not loan".
93. Materials covered under Part 1 of the reference sources are Dictionaries, Directories, Encyclopaedias, Yearbooks, Handbooks, Manuals, Atlases and Gazettes.
94. A dictionary provides information about words, giving their meanings, derivation, spellings, pronunciations, usage and current status.
95. There are three main types of dictionaries; General dictionaries, Subject dictionaries and Special dictionaries.
96. An Encyclopaedia is a work treating separately various topics from all branches of knowledge, usually in alphabetical arrangement.
97. There are three types of encyclopaedia; General encyclopaedia, Abridged encyclopaedia and specialized encyclopaedia.
98. The general encyclopaedia provides facts on a wide variety of subjects and examples are Encyclopaedia Americana and Britannica.
99. The Encyclopaedia Britannica consists of three parts; propaedia, macropaedia and micropaedia.
100. The Propaedia is a single volume which contains the outline of human knowledge and gives a topical guide to the macropaedia.
101. The Macropaedia is an 18 volume work which treats over 4,000 articles exhaustively.
102. The Micropaedia works in conjunction with the macropaedia and it consists of 11 volumes.
103. A Directory is a book listing a particular group of individuals or organisation with various details e.g. Directory of Lawyers in Nigeria.
104. A Yearbook is an annual publication which gives up-to-date information on events; directory information, biographies; weights and measures; statistics; definitions; distances between cities, etc.
105. Handbooks and Manuals are books which serve as guide or a ready reference source for a given occupation or field of knowledge.
106. A Biography is a written account of a person’s life usually written by another person.
107. A biographical reference book dealing with dead people is entitled "Who was Who" and that of the living is labeled "Who is Who"..
108. An Atlas is a bound collection of maps or a volume of plates/tables illustrating any subject.
109. There are two types of Atlases; General Atlas and Subject Atlas.
110. The general atlases include National Geographical atlas and Atlas of world.
111. The subject atlases include Atlas of the Bible and Shepherd’s historical atlas.
112. A Gazette is an official journal with a list of government appointment, bankrupticies and other public notices.
113. A Gazette can also be an official newspaper of an organisation or institution.
114. Reference sources (part ii) include materials that are research based e.g. Abstracts, indexes, bibliographies and dissertations/theses.
115. An abstract is used to locate a specific piece or bit of information in a larger nit with reference to exact page in the text.
116. A Bibliography is a descriptive list of books or publications on a given subject.
117. Types of bibliographies include General bibliography, Subject bibliography, Author bibliography, Trade bibliography and National bibliography.
PROCEDURES FOR ORGANISING INFORMATION SOURCES: TYPES OF LIBRARIES
118. If library materials are divided by types and their contents, three categories of library materials emerge; Primary publications, Secondary publications and Tertiary/Consolidated publications.
119. Primary publications are those in which new knowledge is first recorded e.g. primary journals, conference proceedings technical reports.
120. Secondary publications are those forms of printed documentation which exist to aid the central thrust of knowledge e.g. Indexing journals, Abstracting journals and Current Awareness journals.
121. Tertiary publications are those in which recorded information have been evaluated, compacted and simplified.
122. Examples of tertiary/consolidated publications are Reviews, Monograph, Textbooks, Treatise, Handbooks, Encyclopaedia, Dictionaries, Directories, Theses, etc.
123. Theses are dissertations for a doctorate degree.
124. Audio Visual Materials (AVM) are catalogued with AACRS and the LC subject headings.
125. Audio and Video Tapes are used for recording lectures and tutorials.
126. Television is used as monitor for VCR and playbacks of recorded lectures on video tapes.
127. Microfilming is employed in preserving deteriorating materials like newspapers.
128. Monographs are publications that review exhaustively the information on a single topic.
LIBRARIES AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
129. Clover and Basley (1984) defined research as the process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions by the use of the scientific method of gathering and interpreting information.
130. Oshundeyi (1990) sees research as a form of organised and disciplined writing.
131. The types of research can be categorized into three broad groups namely; Basic or Pure research, Applied or Practical research and Development research.
132. Basic or practical research is carried out for the purpose of extending or advancing the frontiers of knowledge.
133. Applied or practical research is concerned with the application of scientific knowledge to practical problems.
134. Development research is used in design and production engineering.
135. The library is a repository of knowledge and the heart of any college or university.
136. The library has two main functions (i) To complement the teaching and research activities of the parent institution and (ii) To disseminate the existing and even new information.
137. Melvin Dewey conceived the Dewey Decimal Classification in 1873.
138. The library is a basic tool for research.
139. The Library of Congress Classification System which is used in larger libraries was developed by Dr. Herbert Putnam and approved for use by the US Congress in 1880.
140. The LC System uses letters of the alphabet for its notation; presently 21 letters are used while the remaining 5 are reserved for future use.
141. The Catalogue is the heart of the library system; the principal and the easiest pointer to locating any material within the library.
142. The catalogue contains 3 X 5 inch index cards.
143. A researcher can search for library materials either by Author, Title or Subject and locate the materials easily.
144. Theses and dissertation abstracts provide a very good source of literature review.
145. Government publications, journals, newspapers and magazines, handbooks etc. are good sources of information for literature review.
COPYRIGHT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIES
146. The Black’s Law Dictionary (1999) defines copyright as "a property right in an original work of authorship.
147. World Intellectual Properties Organisation (WIPO) defines it as "when a person creates a literary, musical, scientific or artistic work, and he or she is the owner of that work and is free to decide on its use.
148. Copyright is a branch of intellectual Property Law, one of the intangible rights secured by law.
149. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) has copyright on its exclusive legislative list.
150. The levels of Copyright Infringement in Nigeria are Civil and Criminal.
151. The Act governing copyright is the "Copyright Act, CAP C28, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN 2004).
152. The Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC) is responsible for all matters affecting copyright in Nigeria.
153. Section 1 of the Copyright Act of Nigeria lists six categories of works as eligible for copyright protection, literary works, musical works, artistic works, cinematography films, sound recordings and broadcast.
154. According to the Universal Copyright Conversion (UCC), a copyright notice "©" is required to be conspicuously affixed to every work to gain protection.
155. The notice "©" must be followed by the name of the copyright owner and the year of publication, e.g. © E.J. Keye 2011.
156. The "Fair Use" rule was put in place to protect copyright materials used for educational purposes.
157. The Copyright Act grants a right of "Fair Use" to the public.
158. Section 108 of the 1976 Act (USA) permits copying of materials by university libraries only if the reproduction is made without direct or indirect commercial advantage.
159. Unauthorized copying is an infringement of copyright.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN LIBRARY
160. Automation involves the use of a technique to make a system or process more self-acting and self regulating and less dependent on human intervention.
161. Library automation is the application of computers to task hitherto performed by human beings in the library.
162. A network is simply defined as a linked set of computer systems capable of sharing computer power and resources.
163. Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) are the two types of networks.
164. LAN is the network in which the computer systems are all situated relatively close to each other connected by wire cables.
165. The LASU Library is on a LAN with 22 workstations spread all over the library.
166. WAN is a network in which the computers are geographically remote and are connected by communication satellites.
167. Software consists of programs, routines and procedures which can be run on a computer system.
168. Software can be defined as a collective set of instructions, called programs which can be interpreted by a computer.
169. Library software is a specialized program in which the library multi-tasks are being run.
170. Examples of library softwares are; Alice for Windows, TINLIB-DOS based, Graphical Library Automation System (GLAS), Window based, X-Lib – Window, Macro CDS/ISIS and Library Manager.
171. X-Lib – window based was developed locally by Raw Material Research Council of Nigeria.
172. Micro CDS/ISIS – window based was developed by UNESCO.
173. Alice for Windows is a commercial library software, window-based and is being used by the LASU Library.
174. Computers are application in libraries in the areas of acquisition, selection, circulation, cataloguing, serial control and referral services.
175. Rowley (1986) listed four reasons why libraries should establish computer based library systems as; increased workload, need for greater efficiency, new services, cooperation and centralisaiton.
176. Computers can be used as a central control of monitoring for a Closed Circuit Television (CCTV).
177. The internet interconnects a very large number of individuals and diverse computer networks.
178. The internet provides three types of services; the World Wide Web (www), Electronic Mail (E-mail) and File Transfer.
179. Other internet services include broadcast mail, discussion groups and teleconferencing.
180. Electronic Mail (E-Mail) is a communications system that enables you to send messages and information with the certainty of delivery.
181. Video-conferencing is divided into three; point-to-point, group conference and broadcast conference.
182. Search Engine is a computer program which searches a very large base to find data items which match a requested query.
183. Examples of search engines are Dogpile, Metacrawler, Ixquick, Snap, Google, Yahoo, Excite, etc.
BRANCH LIBRARIES IN A MULTI-CAMPUS LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE LAW LIBRARY
184. Lagos State University started academic activities in 1984 on one campus, Ojo, Lagos.
185. It presently has three other campuses (Epe, Ikeja and Ojuelegba) for regular students studying engineering, medicine and mass communications respectively.
186. It has nine satellite (part time) campuses at Jibowu, Anthony Village, Isolo, Agege, Festac, Ikoyi, Lekki, Badagry and Ikorodu.
187. The Main Library (now called Fatiu Akesode Library) was started with the inception of LASU in 1984.
188. The Law Library (now Teslim Olawale Elias Library) was established in 1988.
189. The Engineering Library at Epe Campus was established in 1988 with the movement of the Engineering Faculty to Epe.
190. The Medical Library of the Lagos State University College of Medicine (LASUCOM) was established and commissioned on the 9th February, 1999.
191. The School of Communication Library, Surulere commenced operation on 1st February, 2005.
192. The LASU Law Library has a sitting capacity of 200 users at a time.
193. The collections of the law library are arranged according to Moys Classification Scheme.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
194. A computer is an electromechanical device that receives processes, stores and outputs information.
195. GIGO means Garbage In Garbage Out.
196. A Conceptual computer is composed of input, output, processing/internal memory and secondary storage units.
197. Input Unit sends data and instructions to the computer, the keyboard is a common input device, with the mouse coming into more common use for personal computers.
198. Processing Unit is made up of the Control Unit and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is usually referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
199. Internal Memory is made up of Read Only Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM).
200. Computer memory is measured in bytes (8 bits = 1 byte).
201. Secondary /Auxilliary storage includes hard drive, zip and jazz drive, CD ROM drive, etc.
202. An average modern personal computer now has internal memory of at least 64 megabytes.
203. The earliest attempt at computing was the use of Abacus.
204. Computer Softwares are the programs (the non-hardware) that make the computer perform their intended tasks.
205. System Software controls the operation of the computer and makes it possible for the other types of software to perform their tasks.
206. Application software performs specialized task like calculating payrolls, word processing, home budgeting, playing games, etc.
207. Hardwares are the actual physical components that constitute a computer system.
208. Computer peripheral devices include printer, scanner, microphone, speakers, monitors, etc.
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